英语翻译LESSON 2SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1. = ha≥:The sign was frequently used alone in positions where we (for historical reasons) would expect.Such a use of is indicated by transcribing it as ha≥.Most often this occurs in the combinatio

英语翻译LESSON 2SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1. = ha≥:The sign was frequently used alone in positions where we (for historical reasons) would expect.Such a use of is indicated by transcribing it as ha≥.Most often this occurs in the combinatio
英语翻译
LESSON 2
SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1.
= ha≥:
The sign was frequently used alone in positions where we (for historical reasons) would expect
.Such a use of is indicated by transcribing it as ha≥.Most often this occurs in the combination
-aha≥ya- instead of -ahiya- < *-ahya-.The spelling -ahiya- is
found in the inscriptions of Xerxes.
Examples of ha≥ in other positions:ha≥z˝nam “the tongue,” ha≥πtataiy “it stands.”
Examples of hi:Hinduπ “India” (actually Sindh),Hinduya- “Indian.”
= h¨Ÿ-:
Original initial hu- or h¨- is written h¨Ÿ- in Old Persian,see the vocabulary.
= a≥r:
The sign was also used to spell oer,the Indo-Iranian so-called “vocalic r,” that is,an r used as a vowel
(CoerC; similar to American pronunciation of er in perhaps [poerhæps]).Such a use of ra is indicated here by
writing a≥r,for instance vaza≥rka-,cf.New Persian bozorg,with a≥r > or,as opposed to martiya-,Persian
mard,with ar > ar (see lesson 8).Vocalic r is always preceded by a sign,never or .
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.THE NOMINAL SYSTEM.
Nouns (substantives) can be 1.proper names (e.g.,D˝rayavahu-,Viπt˝spa-) or 2.common nouns
(appellatives,e.g.,xπ˝yaƒiya- “king,” puça- “son”).Many adjectives can be used as nouns as well,e.g.,
P˝rsa- “a Persian,Persian” (e.g.,army),or “Persia.”
There is no definite or indefinite article.Sometimes the numeral “one,” 1,aiva-,is used in the meaning
of “a single” or “a certain (one).” See also lesson 12 on the “specifying” or “delimiting” function of
relative clauses.
Nouns,adjectives,and pronouns can be of three genders (masculine = masc.,feminine = fem.,neuter =
neut.).There are three numbers (singular,dual,plural) and six cases (nominative,vocative,accusative,
genitive-dative,instrumental-ablative,locative).
Nouns and adjectives are classed in vocalic and consonantic declensions.Vowel-declension nouns have
a vowel before the ending (˝Ÿ,˘,¨Ÿ,ai,au),while consonant-declension nouns have a consonant before the
ending (most common:n,r,h,but also p,t,nt,d,ƒ).
The stem vowel a of the a-declensions is often referred to as the “thematic vowel” and the a-declensions
as “thematic declensions” vs.“athematic” declensions.The same terminology is used for verbs.

英语翻译LESSON 2SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1. = ha≥:The sign was frequently used alone in positions where we (for historical reasons) would expect.Such a use of is indicated by transcribing it as ha≥.Most often this occurs in the combinatio
脚本.特别公约.1 .
=公顷≥ ：
该标志经常单独使用的立场,我们（由于历史的原因）希望
.这种使用是所指出的抄写它作为公顷≥ .最常发生这种情况的结合
-啊哈≥亚不是 - ahiya ,“ *- ahya - .拼写 - ahiya ,是
发现铭文的薛西斯.
实例公顷≥在其他位置：公顷≥ ž ˝南“舌头” ,公顷≥ πtataiy “它.”
高科技的例子：Hinduπ “印度” （实际上信德） ,Hinduya ,“印度.”
= h ¨ Y型：
原件初步虎,或H ¨ -写< u(v)->h ¨ Y型老波斯,看到的词汇.
= 1 ≥ r ：
该标志还被用来拼写群岛,印度和伊朗所谓的“母音厂” ,即一个研究作为元音
（ CoerC ;类似美国的发音器在也许[ poerhæps ] ） .这种使用岭是在这里指出
写≥厂例如vaza ≥ rka - ,比照.新波斯bozorg ,以≥ r “ ,或作为反对martiya - ,波斯
mard ,与河“河（见教训8 ） .母音r是总是先标志,从来没有或 .
名词和形容词.标称系统.
名词（ substantives ）可以1 .适当的名称（例如,D ˝ rayavahu - Viπt ˝温泉- ）或2 .普通名词
（ appellatives ,如xπ ˝ yaƒiya ,“国王” ,普佳,“儿子” ） .许多形容词可以用作名词,以及,例如,
P ˝ RSA的“波斯,波斯” （例如,军队） ,或“波斯” .
有没有明确的或不定期的文章.有时数字“ 1 ” ,1 ,aiva ,是使用的含义
“一个单一的”或“某（ 1 ） .”又见教训12日的“指定”或“限定”功能
相对的条款.
名词,形容词和代词可以三个男女（男性= masc .,女性=有限.,中性=
neut .） .有三个号码（单,双,复数）和6例（主格,呼,宾格,
所有格,格,器乐,烧蚀,方位） .
名词和形容词都归类在母音和consonantic declensions .元音,名词有格
元音前结束（ ˝坐标˘ ,¨则爱,非盟） ,而辅音,格名词有一个辅音之前
结束（最常见的：正,丁小时,而且磷,吨,新界,天,ƒ ） .
干一元音的一个declensions往往是被称为“专题元音”和一个declensions
作为“专题declensions ”与“ athematic ” declensions .同样的术语是用于动词.