英语翻译2.2 The Incentive of Opportunism Established on the Contract that Is Based on the Data of Accounting Under the framework of contract theory,the enterprise can be regarded as a conjunctive point in the complex contract relations of its int

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英语翻译2.2 The Incentive of Opportunism Established on the Contract that Is Based on the Data of Accounting Under the framework of contract theory,the enterprise can be regarded as a conjunctive point in the complex contract relations of its int

英语翻译2.2 The Incentive of Opportunism Established on the Contract that Is Based on the Data of Accounting Under the framework of contract theory,the enterprise can be regarded as a conjunctive point in the complex contract relations of its int
英语翻译
2.2 The Incentive of Opportunism Established on the Contract that Is Based on the Data of Accounting
Under the framework of contract theory,the enterprise can be regarded as a conjunctive point in the complex contract relations of its interest group such as shareholders,managers,creditors,employees an d government apparatus.Each interest—related partner of the enterprise understands that its own interest depends on living and development of the enterprise.However,there are conflicts of interests among the partners.They will have motivations an d behaviors of reducing the enterprise’s value and living opportunities in order to seek private gain and occupy other partners’interests.
The role of accounting surplus in the contract—concluding,incompleteness of the contract,high cost of supervision will tempt managers to pursue private profit through earnings management.As a result,the behavior of earnings management is inevitable.Therefore,Nichlao and Galf defined such kind of opportunism as:the
manager makes a choice among the methods that generally-acknowledged accounting principles have not stipulated clearly,in the anticipated way that is formed.by external members beyond shareholders when they conclude the contract,an d such selection can increase the manager’s wealth an d reduce the wealth of external
members correspondingly.
There are great man y literatures in the foreign countries which have tested earnings management based on the incentives of debt contract and payment contract.These researches have made known that payment contract and debt contract are at least causes of earnings management of some listed companies.Because currently,there is no plan of managers’payment an d debt contract in our country,the incentive of earnings management based on such type of contract is not obvious.
2.3 The Incentive of Opportunism with the Purpose of Evading Supervision
The standard of American banking requires that the bank meet certain capital adequacy ratio conveyed by accounting numbers;the norm of insurance demands that the insurance company should conform to the lowest criteria of quality;the charging rate of public utilities has ever been prescribed and only the normal reward from
the investment is allowed to be gained.So the man agers of these companies have the motivation of earnings management in order to shirk the trade supervision and anti—trust supervision.The empirical evidence of earnings management of listed companies in our country to avoid special treatment and being expunged from the list actually belongs to the situation of evading the control of Company Law.People complained that some units of public utilities had charged high fees,but the profit on the financial report form was not prominent,so these units probably had similar behavior of earnings management.
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英语翻译2.2 The Incentive of Opportunism Established on the Contract that Is Based on the Data of Accounting Under the framework of contract theory,the enterprise can be regarded as a conjunctive point in the complex contract relations of its int
2.2鼓励机会主义成立的合同,是基于会计数据的框架下的契约理论,企业可以被视为一个连接点的复杂合同关系的兴趣小组,如股东,债权人,雇员和管理人员,政府机构.各相关伙伴企业明白其自身的利益取决于企业的生存和发展.然而,有冲突的利益之间的合作伙伴.他们的动机和行为,减少企业的价值和生活的机会,为谋私利,占领其他伙伴interests.the作用,会计盈余的contract-concluding,不完全合同,高监督成本会诱使管理者追求私人利润进行盈余管理.因此,盈余管理的行为是不可避免的.因此,nichlao和半界定此类作品portunism:管理者选择了其中的方法,generally-acknowledged会计原则没有明确规定,在预期的方式,formed.by外部成员以外的股东当他们签订合同,与这种选择会增加管理人员的财富和财富减少的externalmembers相应.有许多人在外国文学国家已测试的盈余管理动机的债务合同和付款合同.这些研究表明,付款的合同和债务合同至少是原因,盈余管理的一些股票上市公司.因为目前,有没有计划managers'payment和债务合同在我国,盈余管理动机的基础上合同类型是不明显的.2.3激励机会主义的目的supervisionthe标准规避美国银行要求银行达到一定的资本充足率输送机以会计数字;规范保险需求,保险公司应符合最低标准的质量;公用事业收费率曾规定,只有正常的奖励从投资可以得到.所以人使用这些公司有盈余管理动机为逃避贸易监管和反垄断监管.实证证据股票上市公司盈余管理在我国的特殊处理,避免被从名单上删去实际上属于情况逃避控制的公司法.人们抱怨,一些单位公用事业收费高收费,但利润的财务报表不突出,所以这些单位可能有类似的盈余管理行为.

2.2成立的合同是基于
契约理论的框架下会计数据的机会主义行为的激励,企业可视为一个复杂的合同关系,如股东,管理者,债权人的利益集团的合取点,员工和政府apparatus.Each的利益相关的企业合作伙伴了解自己的利益依赖于生存和发展的enterprise.However,有利益冲突的之间的partners.They将有动机和行为,降低了企业的
合同的结论,不完整的合同,成本高,监...

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2.2成立的合同是基于
契约理论的框架下会计数据的机会主义行为的激励,企业可视为一个复杂的合同关系,如股东,管理者,债权人的利益集团的合取点,员工和政府apparatus.Each的利益相关的企业合作伙伴了解自己的利益依赖于生存和发展的enterprise.However,有利益冲突的之间的partners.They将有动机和行为,降低了企业的
合同的结论,不完整的合同,成本高,监督的作用会计盈余的价值和生活的机会,以营私和占用其他partners'interests的。会诱使管理者追求私人利润通过盈利management.As一个因此,盈余管理行为的定义inevitable.Therefore,Nichlao和Galf,这种机会主义
经理之间选择的方法一般公认会计原则没有明确规定,在预期的方式,是formed.by外部的成员以外的股东时,他们得出结论的合同,一个ð这样的选择可以增加经理人的财富的ð减少外部
成员相应的财富。
有伟大的男人Ÿ文献中的外国国家它已经测试盈余管理的基础上的债务的激励合同和付款contract.These的研究取得了付款合同和债务合同至少有一些上市companies.Because目前的盈余管理的原因,有没有的managers'payment计划在我国,激励和债务合同这种类型的合同基础上的盈余管理并不明显。
2.3的机会主义行为的激励与
美国银行业的标准要求银行满足一定的资本充足率传达的会计数字逃避监管的目的,规范的保险需求,保险公司应符合最低的质量标准,规定公共事业的收费率只有正常
的投资奖励的人不停地这些公司有盈余管理的动机,是gained.So为了推卸的行业监管与反垄断supervision.The经验证据的盈余管理在我国的上市公司,以避免特殊的处理,并从列表中被永久删除回避公司Law.People控制的情况实际上属于抱怨说,一些公用事业单位收取较高的费用,但对财务报告形式的利润并不突出,所以这些单位的盈余管理可能有类似的行为。

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2.2鼓励机会主义成立的合同,是基于会计数据
契约理论框架下,企业可以被视为一个连接点的复杂合同关系的兴趣小组,如股东,债权人,雇员和管理人员,政府机构。各相关伙伴企业了解自身的利益取决于企业的生存和发展。然而,有冲突利益之间的合作伙伴。他们的动机和行为,减少企业的价值和生活的机会,为谋私利,占领其他partners'interests。
的作用,会计盈余的contract-con...

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2.2鼓励机会主义成立的合同,是基于会计数据
契约理论框架下,企业可以被视为一个连接点的复杂合同关系的兴趣小组,如股东,债权人,雇员和管理人员,政府机构。各相关伙伴企业了解自身的利益取决于企业的生存和发展。然而,有冲突利益之间的合作伙伴。他们的动机和行为,减少企业的价值和生活的机会,为谋私利,占领其他partners'interests。
的作用,会计盈余的contract-concluding,不完全合同,成本高,监理会诱使管理者追求私人利润进行盈余管理。因此,盈余管理的行为是不可避免的。因此,nichlao和半这种机会主义的如:
经理选择了其中的方法,generally-acknowledged会计原则没有明确规定,在预期的方式,formed.by外部成员以外的股东当他们签订合同,与这种选择会增加管理人员的财富和财富减少外部
成员相应。
有许多人在国外已测试的盈余管理动机的债务合同和付款合同。这些研究表明,付款的合同和债务合同至少是原因,盈余管理的一些股票上市公司。因为目前,有没有计划managers'payment和债务合同在我国,其盈余管理动机等类型的合同是不明显的。
2.3鼓励机会主义的目的是逃避监督
标准的美国银行要求银行达到一定的资本充足比率转达了会计数字;规范保险需求,保险公司应符合最低标准的质量;公用事业收费率曾规定,只有正常的回报
投资是可以获得的。所以人使用这些公司有盈余管理动机为逃避商检和反垄断监管。实证证据股票上市公司盈余管理在我国的特殊处理,避免被从名单上删去实际上属于情况逃避控制公司法。人们抱怨,一些单位公用事业收费高收费,但利润的财务报表并不突出,所以这些单位可能有类似的盈余管理行为。

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